The oak has short but thick stem and flattened crown. The natural forest fires occur through lightning whereas man burns the grasses to get luxuriant growth next season. The most diverse and seemingly inexhaustible floral realm in Africa has therefore become a cause for widespread concern. The plants of the Mediterranean biome have developed several morphological characteristics to withstand dry conditions. (ii) North American or Californian Mediterranean Biome: North American or Californian Mediterranean Biome is dominated by different species of oak trees and chaparral shrubs. 4. MCQ Questions for Class 7 Social Science with Answers were prepared based on the latest exam pattern. Answer: The west and south-west margins of the continents have Mediterranean vegetation. The coastal Mediterranean region of Costa Brava, Catalonia, Spain. Vegetation Community 4. different types of flowers like dahlia) etc. Interesting Plants Found In Malta, An Island In The Mediterranean. (iii) There is sufficient sunlight throughout the year but summer is more sunny. 3. These characteristic climatic features of the Mediterranean climate have developed because of the seasonal shifting of the pressure and wind belts due to northward and southward migration of the sun. The large mammals of Californian and Chilean regions include mule deer (in California) and Chilean guanaco but the latter is no more a browsing animal rather it has changed its feeding habit and it has been transformed to grazing animals. The dwarf shrubs (like hatha of the European mediterranean biome) locally called as sage scrub have developed in many parts of the Californian Mediterranean biome. Much is known of the detailed processes of vegetation modification along the Mediterranean, since they have been observed and studied since Classical times, and a good deal is also known from the more than three centuries of study of the Cape area of South Africa, but until the late 19th century very little was understood about these processes in tropical Africa. The southern thickets have prominent euphorbias and species of the Didiereaceae family. It is located where the African and Eurasian plates are connected. The past million years have been a time of unusually rapid changes, with major consequences for Africa’s vegetation. The term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word Mediterranean meaning, "middle of the Earth" (medius, "middle" + terra, "land, earth") Why is Mediterranean vegetation called so? This region constitutes the southern counterpart of the Mediterranean zone, although (with the exception of the Atlas Mountains) it is richer in its vegetation potential. These sclerophyllous shrubs are locally called as fymbos. Cape shrub, bush, and thicket. There are some regional variations in the species composition and vertical structure of the vegetation community in the various parts of the Mediterranean biomes as given below: European Mediterranean Biome is characterized by multi-layered structural pattern of the vegetation community wherein three distinct layers (strata) have developed. The shrubs are differently named in the various parts of the Mediterranean biome on the basis of local names e.g., maquis or garrigue in southern Europe, chaparral in California, fymbos or fymbosch in south Africa and mallee scrub in Australia. The NPP of 700 dry gram per square metre per year generates a biomass of 6000 grams per square metre. The areas' native vegetation, the Mediterranean plants, primarily consist of arboreal and shrubby evergreen sclerophyllous plants that have adapted to climatic stresses of heat and aridity. Where is it Usually Located? Sclerophyllous foliage and proteas abound. In the eastern centre, about one-sixth of the plant genera and more than three-fourths of the thousands of species are regarded as endemic. 3 Nearly all Mediterranean island ecosystems are under the influence of the Mediterranean climate (Figure 1), except some parts of the high mountains of Corsica that contain subalpine and alpine vegetation belts with Euro-Siberian and even arctic-alpine plants. Africa’s basic vegetational zones are believed to have existed in approximately the same climatically controlled series and with the same characteristically developed species for a long period of time; indeed, some ancient African plant families—such as the cycads, which evolved some 200 million years ago—still have living representatives. Maquis consists of dense scrub growths of xerophytic (drought-resistant) and sclerophyllous (leathery) shrubs and small trees, which are often fire-resistant. These regions are marked for hot dry summers and mild rainy winters. These consist of a succession of colder periods marked by glacial advances, interrupted by warmer, drier interglacials; the last series of these ended between about 5,000 and 10,000 years ago. Physically and biologically, Madagascar has long formed a separate entity. Plagiarism Prevention 5. 3. Report a Violation 10. Within the tropical forests and woodlands, fire undoubtedly has been the great human agent of clearance and degradation, of far greater efficacy than felling, bark-ringing, or uprooting—at least until the introduction of modern plantation agriculture and logging. Some trees have thorny leaves (such as succulent cactus family). The large-scale transformation of original habitats through forest clearance and mass hunting of animals by the Europeans resulted into the obliteration of several species of animals front the South African Mediterranean biome. 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