northridge earthquake 1993

A magnitude 6.8 (Ms) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. . The peak ground velocity at the Rinaldi Receiving Station was 183 centimetres per second (4.1 mph; 6.6 km/h),[10] the fastest ever recorded. The 1994 Spring semester was delayed by two weeks due to the Northridge earthquake. The 1994 Northridge earthquake killed more than 50 people and created widespread devastation in Los Angeles. Study raises Northridge quake death toll to 72. HAUK.SSON ET AI...: NORTIIRIDGE EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE 12,337 of the Northridge rupture, show north-south shortening of 7-10 mmlyr, that may be accommodated by the San Cayetano, Red Mountain, and Oak Ridge faults [Donnellan et al., 1993]. In the weeks following the quake, many San Fernando Valley residents had either lost their homes entirely or experienced structural damage too severe to continue living in them without making repairs. Faults with the highest probability of rupturing in a magnitude 6.7 (Northridge-sized) earthquake in the next 30 years. California State University-Northridge was grievously damaged. 556 K. PORTER, K. SHOAF, AND H.A. Damage was wide-spread: Sections of major freeways with unwrapped supports and unextended expansion joints collapsed; parking structures and office buildings with concrete framing (non-ductile) collapsed; and numerous apartment buildings suffered irreparable damage. Ground deformations at this level of accelerations are expected to be highly nonlinear (Hardin Housing Reconstruction After Two Major Earthquakes: The 1994 Northridge Earthquake in the United States and the 1999 Chi‐Chi Earthquake in Taiwan . The set, which is at ABC Television Center, suffered major damage, including partial structural collapse and water damage. Also, because of known seismic activity in California, area building codes dictate that buildings incorporate structural design intended to withstand earthquakes. Many campus buildings were heavily damaged and a parking structure collapsed. 1175 November 1, 1997:1174–80 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON CARDIAC DEATH The earthquake also gained worldwide attention because of damage to the vast freeway network, which serves millions of commuters every day. Details of some disaster-related deaths are released", "The Freeways; Collapsed Freeways Cripple City Where People Live Behind Wheel", "The Northridge Earthquake: 20 Years Ago Today – Info and images of collapsed freeways", "Camarillo Gets a Little Good News: MetroLink Is Coming", "Last of Post-Quake Metrolink Stations Opening in Oxnard", "Quake-Ravaged CSUN Reopens Amid Confusion", "20 Years after Northridge Earthquake, CSUN Is Not Just Back, Better", "Flashback: NBC4 Covers 1994 Northridge Earthquake", "The Northridge Earthquake: 20 Years Ago Today", Southern California Earthquake Data Center, USC Earthquake Engineering-Strong Motion Group, SAC Steel Project (Study of welded steel failures), Helicopter Footage Filmed After The Quake, City of Los Angeles Re-survey of the San Fernando Valley, California State University Northridge Botanic Garden, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994_Northridge_earthquake&oldid=997475836, Geology of Los Angeles County, California, 1994 natural disasters in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014, Articles needing additional references from April 2018, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011, Articles needing additional references from October 2014, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Werner, S. B. CSUN received financial assistance for its efforts in reestablishing the damaged buildings with monetary gifts from the McCarthy Foundation, the Common Wealth Fund, and the Union Bank Foundation. In December 1993, the Journal of ... called it controversial. The Animaniacs segment "A Quake! The 1994 Northridge earthquake was a magnitude of 6.7 (Mw), blind thrust earthquake which occurred on January 17 at 4:30:55 a.m. PST in the San Fernando Valley region of the County of Los Angeles. This respiratory disease is caused by inhaling airborne spores of the fungus. Eng. The 17 January 1994, M 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake produced ground accelerations that exceeded 1 g, or nearly the highest levels ever recorded in an earthquake (Trifunac et aL, 1994). Landers earthquake [Blewitt et al., 1993; Bock et al., 1993a], the largest magnitude earthquake in California in the past 40 years and the first one to be recorded by a continuous GPS array. 1997. The quake had a duration of approximately 10–20 seconds, and its peak ground acceleration of 1.82 g0 (17.8 m/s ) was the highest ever instrumentally recorded in an urban area in North America. The Northridge earthquake produced the strongest ground motions ever instrumentally recorded in a North American urban setting. [47] In the Science Complex, Building #1 and #2 suffered fire damage while the bridges connecting buildings #3 #4 were closed and named unstable. [44] The 6.7 magnitude earthquake damaged several buildings as well as destroying all communications, such as telephone lines and causing computer systems to shut down. Science 1994 ; 266 : 389 – 397 . A ShakeMap is a near-real-time seismic network product that helps guide emergency response efforts within minutes of a strong earthquake. At a magnitude of 6.7, the 1994 Northridge earthquake wasn’t unusual in terms of its size. Damage to the system resulted in water pressure dropping to zero in some areas; this predictably affected success in fighting subsequent fires. [35] The season five episode of Seinfeld entitled "The Pie" was due to begin shooting on January 17 before stage sets were damaged. On the other side of the Santa Monica Mountains, which separate the valley from the rest of Los Angeles, entire sections of the Santa Monica Freeway collapsed, shutting down a key traffic artery linking Downtown with the city's west side. The California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP), a CGS program, manages more than 1,300 strong motion instruments statewide that contribute data to ShakeMap. The City of Santa Monica provided assistance to landlords dealing with repairs so tenants could return home as soon as possible. Numerous Los Angeles museums, including the Art Deco Building in Hollywood, were closed, as were numerous city shopping malls. Amtrak ceased service in the Pasadena Subdivision following structural damage to a rail bridge in Arcadia and redirected all rail traffic through Riverside and Fullerton. The main courtroom set was in shambles. 266 * 21 OCTOBER1994 1981 to 1993 that wereaboveM1.7, which is typical of the dispersed background seis-micity in the Los Angeles region. The recording venues Capitol Records and Warner Bros. Records were shut down at the time of the quake. The rebuilt interchange was renamed in his honor a year later.[26]. [18] The "official" death toll was placed at 57;[17] 33 people died immediately or within a few days from injuries sustained,[19] and many died from indirect causes, such as stress-induced cardiac events. Earthquake Northridge California 1994 . The major Hollywood film studios including Warner Bros., 20th Century Fox, Columbia Pictures, Paramount Pictures, Walt Disney Studios and Universal Studios were also shut down. The Los Angeles Clippers of the NBA had three home games postponed or moved to other venues. [46] In addition, the newly completed student parking structure C collapsed, and had to be demolished. The magnitude, duration and frequency content of these motions are analyzed and compared to predictive relationships typically used in engineering design and to the 1994 Uniform Building Code (UBC). Earthquake Northridge California 1994 . Northridge earthquake A home in Pacific Palisades that fell down the side of a hill above Pacific Coast Highway is seen on January 21, 1994. Earthquake readiness However, the damage revealed that some structural specifications did not perform as intended. In the three years that followed Northridge, more than 681,000 residents applied for assistance from federal and state governments — making the earthquake both a devastating natural and economic disaster. Learn how and when to remove this template message, "The Northridge Earthquake of 1994: Ground Motions and Geotechnical Aspects", "Northridge 1994: 6.7 – 1km NNW of Reseda, CA", https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70208422, "Significant Earthquakes of the World 1994", "The Large Aftershocks of the Northridge Earthquake and their Relationship to Mainshock Slip and Fault Zone Complexity", "1994 Quake Still Fresh in Los Angeles Minds", "Show Event – NGDC Natural Hazard Images", "USGS Northridge Earthquake 10th Anniversary", "Southern California Earthquake Data Center". [51] UCLA and Pierce College opened their doors and allowed CSUN students to use their libraries while providing shuttle buses to and from the university. [29] Numerous fires were also caused by broken gas lines from houses shifting off their foundations or unsecured water heaters tumbling. [55], Section of collapsed low-rise apartment buildings, Lifestyle disruptions in the weeks following. The Historic Egyptian Theater in Hollywood was red-tagged and closed as was the Capital Theater in Glendale due to structural damage. For example, the original 35 mm master films for the 1960s sitcom My Living Doll were destroyed.[37]. Schneider, E., Hajjeh, R. A., Spiegel, R. A., Jibson, R. W., Harp, E. L., Marshall, G. A., . The seismic event killed two CSUN students at the Northridge Meadows Complex along with 14 other residents. Next 104 results. The airport was reopened in stages after the quake. The Northridge earthquake is part of the temporal increase in earthquake activity in the Los Angeles area since 1970. The quake produced unusually strong ground accelerations in the range of 1.0 g. Damage was also caused by fire and landslides. This book provides a global view of the social effects of disaster in developed and developing countries. [54] A substantial effort was also made to reinforce freeway bridges against seismic shaking, and a law requiring water heaters to be properly strapped was passed in 1995. [citation needed] Estimates of total damage range between $13 and $40 billion.[28]. 11,846 injured. The 203 cases reported, of which three resulted in fatalities, constituted roughly 10 times the normal rate in the initial eight weeks. Most casualties and damage occurred in multi-story wood frame buildings (such as the three-story Northridge Meadows apartment building). In addition, property damage was estimated to be $13–50 billion (equivalent to $22–86 billion in 2014),[12] making it one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history. Many classes were moved to temporary structures. (Courtesy CSUN University Archives) CSUN's Science 4 building (now … Geological Survey and Southern California Earthquake Center: The magnitude 6.7 Northridge, California, earthquake of 17 January 1994. Some people even made temporary relocations closer to their jobs while their homes or neighborhoods were being rebuilt. The production of movies and TV shows was disrupted. Northridge Earthquake. [citation needed]. A Quake!" The Ennis House endured severe structural damage during the 1994 Northridge earthquake, and it ... 12 3 4 5. These data will be reviewed here with Can. The Northridge earthquake of 1994 served to prove the value of the Bermuda market at a time when it was facing negative attitudes from the Lloyd’s market. But when the Northridge earthquake hit one month later, Engelhardt’s theory proved … In 1993, the year before the Northridge quake, shocks in that range numbered 141 worldwide. Structural damage was recorded as far away as 52 miles from the heart of the shake, and earthquake activity was felt from Las Vegas, Nevada, to San Diego. [14] Several other faults experienced minor rupture during the main shock and other ruptures occurred during large aftershocks, or triggered events. Structural damage was recorded as far away as 52 miles from the heart of the shake, and earthquake activity was felt from Las Vegas, Nevada, to San Diego. [25] LAPD motorcycle officer Clarence Wayne Dean died because of the collapse of the Newhall Pass interchange, falling 40 feet from the damaged connector from southbound 14 to southbound I-5. [clarification needed] Also, ABC's General Hospital, which shoots in Los Angeles, was heavily affected. The most notable was to the Santa Monica Freeway, Interstate 10, known as the busiest freeway in the United States, congesting nearby surface roads for three months while the freeway was repaired. Although the vast majority of homes in the area, with the exception of a few particular neighborhoods, were relatively unaffected; many feared an aftershock to rival or exceed the severity of the first one. JACC Vol. The Northridge earthquake of 17 January 1994, killed 57 people and injured an estimated 10,000 persons. Jama, 277(11), 904-908. Northridge earthquake of 1994, earthquake that struck the densely populated San Fernando Valley in southern California, U.S., on Jan. 17, 1994. Unable to see in the dark that a freeway interchange just ahead had collapsed, the officer plunged 30 feet to his death. Farther south of Downtown, the Watts Towers sustained $2 million damage that required seven years to repair. All of the earthquake sequences in the Wes Craven film New Nightmare were filmed a month prior to the Northridge quake. As one of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history, estimated at more than $40 billion, Northridge can be compared in terms of financial loss to 1992 Hurricane Andrew and the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina. The Northridge earthquake on January 17, 1993 was 6.7 on the Richter scale. Its epicenter was in Reseda, a neighborhood in the north-central Valley. The National Geophysical Data Center placed the hypocenter's geographical coordinates at 34°12′47″N 118°32′13″W / 34.21306°N 118.53694°W / 34.21306; -118.53694 and at a depth of 11.4 miles (18.3 km). Wald, D. J., and T. H. Heaton (1994b). 72 individuals lost their lives. The city of Santa Monica suffered significant damage. Enrollment dropped by approximately 1,000 students, leaving some homeless as dormitories were closed due to damage which rendered them unsafe and which required repair.[49]. Aftershocks Occurring 16.5 miles northwest of Los Angeles, the height of the Northridge quake activity was just 11.8 miles below the Earth's crust, making sitting ducks of one of the nation's largest populations. Background The earthquake that struck the Los Angeles area at 4:31 a.m. on January 17, 1994, was one of the strongest earthquakes ever recorded in a major city in North America. Damage to wood-frame apartment houses was widespread in the San Fernando Valley and Santa Monica areas, especially to structures with soft first floor or lower-level parking garages. Ina maximum parsimony analysis of all infor- Most were unable to meet this deadline and only managed to achieve compliance in 2008 or 2009.[34]. In Valencia, the California Institute of the Arts experienced heavy damage, with classes relocated to a nearby Lockheed test facility for the remainder of 1994. The long-term (1978 to 1993) background seismicity in the The Northridge Earthquake: Vulnerability and Disaster Robert Bolin. for gas appliance damage. Therefore, caution should be taken in seismic design of diaphragm walls using ACI 318 code requirements. The Los Angeles Public Library shut down most of its branches; books were knocked down during the quake. [27] The theme parks Disneyland, Knott's Berry Farm and Six Flags Magic Mountain were shut down after the quake, but only for inspections since all were designed with earthquakes in mind. [15], Damage occurred up to 85 miles (137 km) away, with the most damage in the west San Fernando Valley, and the cities and neighborhoods of Santa Monica, Hollywood, Simi Valley and Santa Clarita. The damage [22] Actress Iris Adrian died in September 1994 from complications of a broken hip she suffered in the earthquake. Two 6.0 Mw  aftershocks followed, the first about one minute after the initial event and the second approximately 11 hours later, the strongest of several thousand aftershocks in all. . USGS Response to an Urban Earthquake - Northridge 1994 (Summary) Sixty people were killed, more than 7,000 injured, 20,000 homeless and more than 40,000 buildings damaged in Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange and San Bernardino Counties as a result of the Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994. Other local television stations, including KTLA, KCAL-TV, KCBS-TV and KABC-TV, were also knocked off the air. Ironically, that interchange had collapsed 23 years earlier, during the Sylmar Earthquake of 1971. For example, the behavior of underground walls has been evaluated for the Northridge earthquake using numerical methods. The mainshock was followed by an energetic aftershock sequence. Twenty years ago, on Jan. 17, 1994, at 4:31 a.m., the Northridge earthquake struck Southern California — the 6.7-magnitude quake killed 60 people and … [23], Sixteen people were killed as a result of the collapse of the Northridge Meadows apartment complex. The first and second episodes of the fifth season of Baywatch featured the earthquake, and how the lifeguards responded to it, professionally and personally. The exact number of fatalities is unknown, with sources estimating it at 60[1] or "over 60",[16] to 72,[17] where most estimates fall around 60. The Church on the Way, which is near the epicenter, suffered moderate damage to the church campus building. Northridge’s main 6.7 moment magnitude quake broke up many structural foundations, and permanently raised the ground 20 inches in various parts of the San Fernando Valley. tells the story of the event. British musicians Paul Hardcastle and Simon Harris narrowly escaped injury and were among guests evacuated when the Sheraton-Universal Hotel in Universal City, California where they were staying was damaged during the earthquake. Suicide rates increased in the three calendar years (1994-1996) following the Northridge earthquake as compared to the three calendar years (1991-1993) prior to the earthquake. The real quake struck only weeks before filming was completed. Earthquakes in Southern California 1981-1993 ... National Seismic Hazards Map faults in Southern California (including recently recognized blind thrust fault of the Northridge earthquake (yellow) and other known blind thrust faults at the time. [33], Eleven hospitals suffered structural damage and were damaged or rendered unusable. "Fatal and hospitalized injuries resulting from the 1994 Northridge earthquake", https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-iris-adrian-1440804.html, "25 Years Later: The Desperate Search for Survivors at Northridge Meadows Apartments", "Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology", "Interchange Named for Officer Who Died in Quake", "Earthquake: Disaster Before Dawn: Scoreboard Crashes Onto Seats in Anaheim Stadium: Collapse: The 17.5-ton Sony 'Jumbotron' also destroyed a section of roof as it broke loose and fell to the left-field upper deck", "Comments for the Significant Earthquake", "Dangerous L.A. apartment buildings most at risk in an earthquake are quickly being fixed", "Earthquake: The Long Road Back: Hospitals Strained to the Limit by Injured: Medical care: Doctors treat quake victims in parking lots. If injuries in the 1994 Northridge earthquake are representative of injuries in future U.S. events, then the economic … The Northridge earthquake triggered a very large number Written discussion of this paper is welcomed and will be of strong motion instruments throughout southern California, received by the Editor until August 3 1, 1995 (address inside providing the most extensive strong motion data for any front cover). A magnitude 6.8 (Ms) earthquake centered under the community of Northridge in the San Fernando Valley shook the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area at 4:31 a.m. local time on Monday, January 17, 1994. Dec 3, 2018 - Explore lisa garden's board "1990s Los Angeles", followed by 263 people on Pinterest. [20][21] Some counts factor in related events such as a man's suicide possibly inspired by the loss of his business in the disaster. A coccidioidomycosis outbreak following the Northridge, Calif, earthquake. The post-Northridge conference was modeled on this earlier effort and provided an opportunity to talk about short-term earthquake recovery efforts while highlight longer-term economic development programs and plans put into motion in 1993. A dislocation model of the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake determined from strong ground motions, USGS Open-file Report, 94-278, 16pp. In response, the California Legislature created the California Earthquake Authority (CEA), which is a publicly managed but privately funded organization that offers minimal coverage. The cast and crew had initially thought that the scenes that were filmed before the real quake struck were a bit overdone, but upon viewing the footage after the earthquake, they were reportedly startled by the realism of it. during the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake by Igor A. Beresnev, Edward H. Field, Koen Van Den Abeele, and Paul A. Johnson Abstract The study of nonlinear site response has practical difficulties due to large ambiguities in isolating local response from other competing effects. More than 8,700 were injured including 1,600 who required hospitalization. [citation needed] The Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and now-gone Los Angeles Memorial Sports Arena suffered minor damage. An estimated $350 million (equivalent to $600 million today) was used to supply the number of trailers and domes which housed classes and administration offices. Incorporate structural design intended to withstand earthquakes American urban setting also gained worldwide attention because of quake! These revelations, building codes dictate that buildings incorporate structural design intended to withstand earthquakes who required.. Rental of temporary structures to be placed in available spaces throughout the.. The closest University to the damage it sustained homes or neighborhoods were rebuilt. 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