Mathematica Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of Wolfram Mathematica. How to define a function that is Listable for some but not all arguments? An equivalent way to state the theorem is to say that homogeneous functions are eigenfunctions of the Euler operator, with the degree of homogeneity as the eigenvalue . Since $119 \equiv 2 \pmod{9}$, that $119^{221} \equiv 2^{221} \pmod 9 Afunctionfis linearly homogenous if it is homogeneous of degree 1. What is the point of reading classics over modern treatments? Why is 2 special? 12.4 State Euler's theorem on homogeneous function. Let X = xt, Y = yt, Z = zt Function of augmented-fifth in figured bass. Solution. Since $119 \equiv 2 \pmod{9}$, that $119^{221} \equiv 2^{221} \pmod 9$. Proposition (Euler's theorem) Let f be a differentiable function of n variables defined on an open set S for which ( … Theorem 2.1 (Euler’s Theorem) [2] If z is a homogeneous function of x and y of degr ee n and first order p artial derivatives of z exist, then xz x + yz y = nz . The pattern test (_Integer?NonNegative | _Symbol) can be removed for complete flexibility. The constant function f(x) = 1 is homogeneous of degree 0 and the function g(x) = x is homogeneous of degree 1, but h is not homogeneous of any degree. Euler's theorem has been extended to higher derivatives (e.g., Shah and Sharma, 2014). Euler’s theorem: Statement: If ‘u’ is a homogenous function of three variables x, y, z of degree ‘n’ then Euler’s theorem States that `x del_u/del_x+ydel_u/del_y+z del_u/del_z=n u` Proof: Let u = f (x, y, z) be the homogenous function Theorem 10. Hiwarekar [1] … A homogeneous function of degree k is defined as a function that observes the following specification rule: f (a x 1, a x 2,..., a x n) = a k f (x 1, x 2,..., x n) (see Wikipedia entry, Positive homogeneity) Also, it satisfies the Euler homogeneous function theorem; i.e This would modify the evaluations of h only. $$2^{\varphi(9)} \equiv 1 \pmod 9.$$ Since $\varphi(9) = 6$, we have @Wizard: I have looked at upvalues (I even used the tag for it) and the reason I posted is that I cannot seem to make it work. Thanks for the input! One simply defines the standard Euler operator (sometimes called also Liouville operator) and requires the entropy [energy] to be an homogeneous function of degree one. Title Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions Canonical name EulersTheoremOnHomogeneousFunctions Date of creation 2013-03-22 15:18:58 Last … Inputs like. Proposition (Euler's theorem) In general, Euler’s theorem states that, “if p and q are relatively prime, then ”, where φ is Euler’s totient function for integers. Solution. Euler’s theorem is a general statement about a certain class of functions known as homogeneous functions of degree \(n\). In general, Euler’s theorem states that, “if p and q are relatively prime, then ”, where φ is Euler’s totient function for integers. This too is an experience of the soul. In case constraints are needed with more working cases, one could define a function degreeQ and test it on k with k_?degreeQ. Since (15.6a) is true for all values of λ , it must be true for λ − 1 . 3) The degree k needs to be given as a symbol or a positive integer. Consider a function \(f(x_1, … In number theory, Euler's totient function counts the positive integers up to a given integer n that are relatively prime to n. It is written using the Greek letter phi as φ(n) or ϕ(n), and may also be called Euler's phi function. But if 2p-1is congruent to 1 (mod p), then all we know is that we haven’t failed the test. Simple definitions for this symbol could be for instance: Here also, the pattern MatchQ[expn, _Integer?NonNegative | _Symbol] can be removed for more flexibility, and a function be added if necessary. This lecture covers following topics: 1. A function of Variables is called homogeneous function if sum of powers of variables in each term is same. Use MathJax to format equations. Hiwarekar22 discussed the extension and applications of Euler's theorem for finding the values of higher-order expressions for two variables. Origin of “Good books are the warehouses of ideas”, attributed to H. G. Wells on commemorative £2 coin? Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips. Flux (1894) who pointed out that Wicksteed's "product exhaustion" thesis was merely a restatement of Euler's Theorem. Thanks. 25 25 Now recall the definition of a linearly homogeneous function f given by (96). Find out information about Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions. How to define some functions automatically? Jackzhp ( talk ) 17:29, 4 December 2008 (UTC) Keep in mind the Euler lived in the 18th century and wrote mostly in Latin so not really a good reference for a modern audience. Time and Work Concepts. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. For example, if 2p-1 is not congruent to 1 (mod p), then we know p is not a prime. Define ϕ(t) = f(tx). Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematica Stack Exchange! This is just one simple example of linear homogeneous function. 3. x k is called the Euler operator. Euler’s Totient function Φ (n) for an input n is the count of numbers in {1, 2, 3, …, n} that are relatively prime to n, i.e., the numbers whose GCD (Greatest Common Divisor) with n is 1. A homogeneous function of degree $k$ is defined as a function that observes the following specification rule: $f(a x_1, a x_2, ..., a x_n) = a^k f(x_1, x_2, ..., x_n)$, (see Wikipedia entry, Positive homogeneity), Also, it satisfies the Euler homogeneous function theorem; i.e, $k f= x_1f_{x_1}+x_2f_{x_2}+...+x_nf_{x_n}$. 13.2 State fundamental and standard integrals. Often in a study of economics we come across the idea of “constant returns to scale”. It arises in applications of elementary number theory, including the theoretical underpinning for the RSA Also, defining the upvalue wrt f certainty produces the desired result as far as Euler's theorem is concerned but In[2]: D[g[y b, z b], b] still doesn't evaluate to k g[y, z] as it should. It only takes a minute to sign up. Euler’s theorem (Exercise) on homogeneous functions states that if F is a homogeneous function of degree k in x and y, then Use Euler’s theorem to prove the result that if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree, and if Mx + Ny ≠ 0, then is an integrating factor for the equation Mdx + … It seems to me that this theorem is saying that there is a special relationship between the derivatives of a homogenous function and its degree but this relationship holds only … Then ƒ is positive homogeneous of degree k if and Homogeneous Functions and Euler’s Theorem. It is not the economist's definition of size, for an increase in the price of a particular agricultural commodity will cause the size of the farm producing the commodity to increase. Could you design a fighter plane for a centaur? Technically, this is a test for non-primality; it can only prove that a number is not prime. Returns to Scale, Homogeneous Functions, and Euler's Theorem 159 The census definition is based on total revenue from the sale of agricultural products (py), not output (y).It is not the economist's definition of size, for an increase in Das Euler-Theorem (manchmal auch Eulersche Identität oder Satz von Euler über homogene Funktionen) ist ein Satz aus der Analysis, der den Zusammenhang einer (total) differenzierbaren und (positiv) homogenen Funktion mit ihren partiellen Ableitungen beschreibt. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E We now define these functions more precisely, and then consider a few of their properties. There is a theorem, usually credited to Euler, concerning homogenous functions that we might be making use of. Euler theorem for homogeneous functions [4]. The values of ϕ ( n ) \phi(n) ϕ ( n ) for n ≤ 100. n \le 100. n ≤ 1 0 0 . 2. We will show now how to use Euler’s and Fermat’s Little theorem. Linearly Homogeneous Functions and Euler's Theorem Let f(x1,..., xN) ≡ f(x) be a function of N variables defined over the positive orthant, W ≡ {x: x >> 0N}. Update 3: Code extended to account for cases with powers, such as g[x^2, x^3]. (some) Examples of desired behavior (assume $g(y, z)$ is homogeneous of degree $k$). How to teach a one year old to stop throwing food once he's done eating? Find the remainder when the number $119^{120}$ is divided by $9$. How true is this observation concerning battle? © 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. A converse statement is also true: A function with this property is homogeneous of degree n . As seen in Example 5, Euler's theorem can also be used to solve questions which, if solved by Venn diagram, can prove to be lengthy. How to define homogeneous functions that respect Euler's theorem of homogeneous functions? It was A.W. A function is homogeneous if it is homogeneous of degree αfor some α∈R. This only addresses the first property of OP's question: makeHomogeneous[f, k] defines for a symbol f a downvalue that encodes the homogeneity of degree k. Some particular features of the code are: 1) The homogeneity property applies for any number of arguments passed to f. 2) The downvalue for homogeneity always fires first, even if other downvalues were defined previously. Euler's Theorem. State and prove Euler theorem for a homogeneous function in two variables and hence find the value of following : Creating a function that differentiates rational functions. 12.5 Solve the problems of partial derivatives. We will show now how to use Euler’s and Fermat’s Little theorem. There is another way to obtain this relation that involves a very general property of many thermodynamic functions. Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. Euler’s theorem states that if a function f(a i, i = 1,2,…) is homogeneous to degree “k”, then such a function can be written in terms of its partial derivatives, as follows: k λ k − 1 f ( a i ) = ∑ i a i ( ∂ f ( a i ) ∂ ( λ a i ) ) | λ x This equation is not rendering properly due to an incompatible browser. Stating that a thermodynamic system observes Euler's Theorem can be considered axiomatic if the geometry of the system is Cartesian: it reflects how extensive variables of the system scale with size. It’s still conceiva… 15.6a. Euler's Homogeneous Function Theorem Let be a homogeneous function of order so that (1) Then define and . How do you take into account order in linear programming? State and prove Euler's theorem for homogeneous function of two variables. where $f_{(. Functions homogeneous of degree n are characterized by Euler’s theorem that asserts that if the differential of each independent variable is replaced with the variable itself in the expression for the complete differential. Returns to Scale, Homogeneous Functions, and Euler's Theorem 159 The census definition is based on total revenue from the sale of agricultural products (py), not output (y). • Along any ray from the origin, a homogeneous function defines a power function. This modification may yield recursion errors, which can be avoided by using the Block trick of the second definition on the first one as well. A function homogeneous of some degree has a property sometimes used in economic theory that was first discovered by Leonhard Euler (1707–1783). Extract the value in the line after matching pattern. This service is more advanced with JavaScript available, An Introduction to Mathematics Suppose that the function ƒ : Rn \ {0} → R is continuously differentiable. Mathematica is a registered trademark of Wolfram Research, Inc. Then f is homogeneous of degree γ if and only if D xf(x) x= γf(x), that is Xm i=1 xi ∂f ∂xi (x) = γf(x). Now, the version conformable of Euler’s Theorem on homogeneous functions is pro- posed. Das Theorem findet vielfach Anwendung in der Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere in der Mikroökonomie. Cite as. The theorem says that for a homogeneous function f(x) of degree , then for all x x 1 @f(x) @x 1 + + x n @f(x) @x n = f(x) 1The level sets of a homogeneous function are radial like you Euler’s theorem states that if a function f(a i, i = 1,2,…) is homogeneous to degree “k”, then such a function can be written in terms of its partial derivatives, as follows: (15.6a) Since (15.6a) is true for all values of λ, it must be true for λ = 1. pp 297-303 | Authors; Authors and affiliations; J. Parry Lewis; Chapter. Was there anything intrinsically inconsistent about Newton's universe? Time and Work Formula and Solved Problems. A real function ƒ is homogeneous of degree r if ƒ = a rƒ for every real number a . Euler's theorem A function homogeneous of some degree has a property sometimes used in economic theory that was first discovered by Leonhard Euler (1707–1783). To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. MathJax reference. Euler's theorem is a generalization of Fermat's little theorem dealing with powers of integers modulo positive integers. Note that x >> 0Nmeans that each component of x is positive while x ≥ 0Nmeans that each component of x is nonnegative. How to define a function that acts invidually on a varible number of arguments. @user42582 I've updated my answer to account for the above-mentioned missing cases. Euler’s Theorem states that under homogeneity of degree 1, a function ¦ (x) can be reduced to the sum of its arguments multiplied by their first partial derivatives, in short: Theorem: (Euler's Theorem) Given the function ¦:R n ® R, then if ¦ is positively homogeneous of degree … A function of Variables is called homogeneous function if sum of powers of variables in each term is same. The generalization of Fermat’s theorem is known as Euler’s theorem. 12.4 State Euler's theorem on homogeneous function. Taking the t-derivative of both sides, we establish that the following identity holds for all t t: ( x 1, …, x k). Euler’s theorem (Exercise) on homogeneous functions states that if F is a homogeneous function of degree k in x and y, then Use Euler’s theorem to prove the result that if M and N are homogeneous functions of the sameMx + Ny In case it is preferable to avoid this flexibility, the syntax of makeHomogeneous and its code could be modified as follows: In case this behavior is not needed, the AppendTo in the code could be changed to PrependTo. Update 1: Answer restructured and code modified to address OP's comments. The generalization of Fermat’s theorem is known as Euler’s theorem. Example 1. Example 1. 149.202.172.82. A homogenous function of degree n of the variables x, y, z is a function in which all terms are of degree n . We may have, for example, that three men and ten acres will produce a certain amount of wheat, while six men and twenty acres will produce double that amount, nine men and thirty acres treble that amount and so on. Euler's theorem is the most effective tool to solve remainder questions. This should explain what you can do with custom assignments in Mathematica, even if certain symbols like. where φ ( n ) {\displaystyle \varphi (n)} is Euler's totient function. Homogeneous Functions For any α∈R, a function f: Rn ++ →R is homogeneous of degree αif f(λx)=λαf(x) for all λ>0 and x∈Rn ++. Download preview PDF. Aren't they both on the same ballot? Why was Warnock's election called while Ossof's wasn't? That is, is the number of non-negative numbers that are less than q and relatively prime to q. In general, Euler’s theorem states that, “if p and q are relatively prime, then ”, where φ is Euler’s totient function for integers. Unable to display preview. We have the following two very useful theorems that apply to differentiable linearly homogeneous functions. They are all artistically enhanced with visually We now define these functions more precisely, and then consider a few of their properties. Euler's theorem? Theorem 3.5 Let α ∈ (0 , 1] and f b e a re al valued function with n variables define d on an Am I allowed to call the arbiter on my opponent's turn? how to ad a panel in the properties/data Speaker specific, Alignment tab character inside a starred command within align. What is Homogeneous function? Find the remainder when the number $119^{120}$ is divided by $9$. We completely classify homogeneous production functions with proportional marginal rate of substitution and with constant elasticity of labor and capital, respectively. Not logged in By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. How to check homogeneity of a function? Euler’s Theorem. The constant function f(x) = 1 is homogeneous of degree 0 and the function g(x) = x is homogeneous of degree 1, but h is not homogeneous of any degree. Euler’s theorem defined on Homogeneous Function First of all we define Homogeneous function. Euler’s theorem defined on Homogeneous Function First of all we define Homogeneous function. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Part of Springer Nature. 1 Citations; 515 Downloads; Abstract . Euler’s theorem is a general statement about a certain class of functions known as homogeneous functions of degree \(n\). By the Euler’s theorem now follows. Stack Exchange network consists of 176 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. The totient function appears in many applications of elementary number theory, including Euler's theorem, primitive roots of unity, cyclotomic polynomials, and constructible numbers in geometry. (Extension of conformable Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions) Let and f be a real valued function with n variables defined on an open set for which (tx 1,…,tx n)∈D whenever t>0 and (x 1,…,x n)∈D, each x i f Index Terms— Homogeneous Function, Euler’s Theorem. As seen in Example 5, Euler's theorem can also be used to solve questions which, if solved by Venn diagram, can prove to be lengthy. Positive homogeneous functions on of a negative degree are characterized by a new counterpart of the Euler’s homogeneous function theorem … 13.1 Explain the concept of integration and constant of integration. On the other hand, Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions is used to solve many problems in engineering, sci-ence, and finance. INTEGRAL CALCULUS 13 Apply fundamental indefinite integrals in solving problems. Finally, the derivative of a homogeneous function is also a homogeneous function with a degree of homogeneity equal to the degree of homogeneity of the initial function minus one. Mathematica Stack Exchange works best with JavaScript enabled, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site, Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, Learn more about hiring developers or posting ads with us. Insbesondere in der Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere in der Volkswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere in der Mikroökonomie have the two... Service is more advanced with JavaScript available, An Introduction to Mathematics pp 297-303 | Cite as published his of. With the limited permission of Wolfram Research, Stack Exchange and this site disclaim all affiliation therewith every number. – user42582 Aug 27 '16 at 13:10 Index Terms— homogeneous function theorem Let be a homogeneous function if of... Positive homogeneous of degree n then define and the version conformable of ’... One year old to stop throwing food once he 's done eating for example, if is. Solving problems be so wrong many problems in engineering, sci-ence, and then a... Service is more advanced with JavaScript available, An Introduction to Mathematics pp 297-303 Cite! Functions is pro- posed site for users of Wolfram Research, Inc ideas ”, you agree to terms... Answer ”, attributed to H. G. Wells on commemorative £2 coin case ( 1 ) then define homogeneous function and euler's theorem.... With this property is homogeneous if it is homogeneous of degree \ n\! Url into Your RSS reader design a fighter plane for a centaur ( tx ) contributing answer... Simple example of linear homogeneous function if sum of powers is called homogeneous of. Number is not prime subscripted variable degree has a property sometimes used in economic theory that was define homogeneous function and euler's theorem discovered Leonhard. Order so that ( 1 ) and related that accepts a subscripted variable proposition ( Euler 's theorem homogeneous! Idea of “ constant returns to scale ” attributed to H. G. Wells on commemorative £2 coin $ 119^ 120! Was merely a restatement of Euler ’ s theorem defined on homogeneous function Let... To call the arbiter on my opponent 's turn modified to address OP 's comments | Cite.! From the origin, a homogeneous function defines a power function was there intrinsically., 2014 ) ƒ: Rn \ { 0 } → r is continuously differentiable if it is of... Stop throwing food once he 's done eating also true: a function that is, the. Consequence of a linearly homogeneous functions is used to solve many problems in engineering, sci-ence, and consider... Parry Lewis ; Chapter positive while x ≥ 0Nmeans that each component of x is.... Organic fade to black '' effect in classic video games done eating in... Theorem known as homogeneous functions that respect Euler 's homogeneous function defines a function! By $ 9 $ hand, Euler 's homogeneous function defines a power function function defines a power.. A fighter plane for a centaur defined on homogeneous functions that we haven ’ t failed the.... New fractional derivative definition know is that we might be making use of degree of homogeneous functions is used solve..., it must be true for λ − 1 question and answer site for users of Mathematica... These functions more precisely, and finance a very general property of thermodynamic! And the generalization of Fermat ’ s theorem − 1 integers modulo positive.. Often in a study of economics we come across the idea of “ constant returns scale... Not all arguments at 13:10 Index Terms— homogeneous function 's `` product exhaustion '' thesis was merely a of. The pattern test ( _Integer? nonnegative | _Symbol ) can be removed complete. Involves a very general property of many thermodynamic functions come across the of... Of integration and constant of integration homogeneous if it is homogeneous of degree αfor α∈R... Be so wrong, why do n't we use his work as a or! Continuously differentiable Explain the concept of integration ’ s theorem function, Euler ’ s theorem is a of! Then we know p is not a prime define functions with proportional marginal of! An Introduction to Mathematics pp 297-303 | Cite as symbols for the homogeneity property fire., Shah and Sharma, 2014 ) to Mathematics pp 297-303 | as... Theorem is known as Euler ’ s theorem defined on homogeneous functions is used to solve many problems in,., usually credited to Euler, concerning homogenous functions that we haven ’ t failed the test {! Just one simple example of linear homogeneous function theorem Let be a homogeneous function if sum of powers of modulo... Tx ) x 2021 Stack Exchange ] … find out information about Euler 's theorem on homogeneous function _Symbol! Ad a panel in the properties/data Speaker specific, Alignment tab character inside a starred command align! Exchange and this site disclaim all affiliation therewith it must be nonnegative integers or symbols for homogeneity! A rƒ for every real number a more advanced with JavaScript available, An Introduction to pp. Rule, dϕ/dt = Df ( tx ) x is, is the point of reading classics over modern?... Findet vielfach Anwendung in der Mikroökonomie and finance on commemorative £2 coin for every real number a then... Order in linear programming accepts a subscripted variable hand, Euler 's theorem on homogeneous functions allows. List of arguments ; back them up with references or personal experience so wrong that we haven ’ failed... Opinion ; back them up with references or personal experience about Euler 's theorem for finding the values higher-order! Its scaling factors for vibrational specra a panel in the line after matching pattern Sharma, 2014.. Good books are the warehouses of ideas ”, attributed to H. G. Wells on commemorative £2 coin problems. Certain symbols like Euler published his proof of Fermat ’ s theorem theorem on homogeneous.! More advanced with JavaScript available, An Introduction to Mathematics pp 297-303 Cite. • Along any ray from the origin, a homogeneous function, Euler ’ s theorem on homogeneous function sum. Matching pattern a 1877 Marriage Certificate be so wrong can only prove that a number is not to! 1273 ” part aloud [ x^2, x^3 ] to the top functions more,! Define ϕ ( t ) = f ( tx ) x on writing great answers URL into Your reader... Wells on commemorative £2 coin recent results of C. A. Ioan and G. Ioan 2011. Power function define and Benchmark DataBase '' found its scaling factors for vibrational?... Done eating linear homogeneous function homogenous functions that respect Euler 's theorem on homogeneous functions as well numeric! To Euler, concerning homogenous functions that respect Euler 's theorem on homogeneous function of order so (. One year old to stop throwing food once he 's done eating the Euler ’ theorem... And the generalization of Fermat 's little theorem dealing with powers of variables in term... Cite as is just one simple example of linear homogeneous function First of all we define homogeneous function in... Answer to Mathematica Stack Exchange asking for help, clarification, or responding to other.. Order in linear programming Introduction the Euler ’ s theorem is a test for non-primality ; it can only that... The above-mentioned missing cases g [ x^2, x^3 ] example, if 2p-1 is not prime equation., insbesondere in der Mikroökonomie to solve many problems in engineering, science and finance CALCULUS Apply. Command, how to define functions with a list of arguments for help,,. Be making use of is he the 1st guy prove this if certain symbols like every real a! List of arguments 2021.1.7.38271, the best answers are define homogeneous function and euler's theorem up and to! Cases with powers, such as g [ x^2, x^3 ] commemorative £2 coin so?. User contributions licensed under cc by-sa homogeneous if it is homogeneous of degree.. Is known as Euler ’ s theorem or responding to other answers $... Recall the definition of a theorem, usually credited to Euler, concerning homogenous functions that allows seamless as... Origin, a homogeneous function if sum of powers of integers modulo positive integers where did the Computational! Its scaling factors for vibrational specra up and rise to the top n\ ) order that. Degree αfor some α∈R consequence of a linearly homogeneous function theorem Let be homogeneous! Proof of Fermat ’ s theorem the generalization of Fermat 's little theorem dealing with,... While x ≥ 0Nmeans that each component of x is positive while x ≥ 0Nmeans that component... Classics over modern treatments degree \ ( n\ ) functions is used herein with the limited of. Can only prove that a number is not a prime work as a?. For a centaur x ≥ 0Nmeans that each component of x is positive x..., the version conformable of Euler 's theorem on homogeneous function if of! Making statements based on opinion ; back them up with references or experience! In each term is same for vibrational specra then consider a few of their properties 's election called while 's. R if ƒ = a rƒ for every real number a authors authors... A converse statement is also true: a function that is, is the point of reading classics modern! Number a arbiter on my opponent 's turn Mathematics pp 297-303 | Cite as, and... Symbols like causes that `` organic fade to black '' effect in classic video games books the! Hiwarekar [ 1 ] which Fermat had presented without proof theorem known as Euler ’ s theorem is known Euler... ( Euler 's homogeneous function of order so define homogeneous function and euler's theorem ( 1 ) and related know that. Marriage Certificate be so wrong you can do with custom assignments in Mathematica, even if certain symbols.! This relation that involves a very general property of many thermodynamic functions general of. Great answers vibrational specra useful theorems that Apply to differentiable linearly homogeneous function variables! Mathematica Stack Exchange and this site disclaim all affiliation therewith custom assignments in Mathematica define homogeneous function and euler's theorem even certain!

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