[78], A shift in Greek scholarship at large occurred around the beginning of the first century BC. [132] Among the largest and most prominent of these libraries were the Theological Library of Caesarea Maritima, the Library of Jerusalem, and a Christian library in Alexandria. [14] The later kingdoms and empires of the ancient Near East had long traditions of book collecting. [61][62] All six of the other judges favored one competitor, but Aristophanes favored the one whom the audience had liked the least. For centuries the main point of contention was whether or not the library (or libraries—as two sites existed) survived until the Arab conquest of Alexandria in the 7th century. [132], In late antiquity, as the Roman Empire became Christianized, Christian libraries modeled directly on the Library of Alexandria and other great libraries of earlier pagan times began to be founded all across the Greek-speaking eastern part of the empire. [77] Eventually, the position of head librarian lost so much of its former prestige that even contemporary authors ceased to take interest in recording the terms of office for individual head librarians. As the same text often existed in several different versions, comparative textual criticism was crucial for ensuring their veracity. The library was constructed in the Brucheion (Royal Quarter) of the city of Alexandria. [52][47][53] Eratosthenes also produced a map of the entire known world, which incorporated information taken from sources held in the Library, including accounts of Alexander the Great's campaigns in India and reports written by members of Ptolemaic elephant-hunting expeditions along the coast of East Africa. Its membership appears to have ceased by the 260s AD. The library was named after Alexander the Great, who initiated the collection of documents in 334 BCE. Watts. No its not public, no you are not allowed to visit or read these ancient scrolls or knowledge. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Library-of-Alexandria, The Ohio State University - ehistory - The Burning of the Library of Alexandria. [93], In 642 AD, Alexandria was captured by the Muslim army of 'Amr ibn al-'As. "[51] Meanwhile, other scholars at the Library of Alexandria also displayed interest in scientific subjects. [119][120] Rumors spread accusing her of preventing Orestes from reconciling with Cyril[119][121] and, in March of 415 AD, she was murdered by a mob of Christians, led by a lector named Peter. [42][70], Ptolemy VIII Physcon's expulsion of the scholars from Alexandria brought about a shift in the history of Hellenistic scholarship. [134] This marked the beginning of UNESCO and the international community's involvement in trying to bring the project to fruition. Papyrus scrolls constituted the collection, and although codices were used after 300 BC, the Alexandrian Library is never documented as having switched to parchment, perhaps because of its strong links to the papyrus trade. [9], After Zenodotus either died or retired, Ptolemy II Philadelphus appointed Apollonius of Rhodes (lived c. 295–c. [15] The most famous library of the ancient Near East was the Library of Ashurbanipal in Nineveh, founded in the seventh century BC by the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (ruled 668–c. What the Great Library Was. The library was part o a museum, which included a garden, a common dining room [42][71] In 145 BC, however, Aristarchus became caught up in a dynastic struggle in which he supported Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator as the ruler of Egypt. In 2002 a new Library of Alexandria was opened. Despite the widespread modern belief that the Library of Alexandria was burned once and cataclysmically destroyed, the Library actually declined gradually over the course of several centuries. Once our species’ greatest trove of knowledge was the Library of Alexandria. During the reign of Ptolemy III Euergetes, a daughter library was established in the Serapeum, a temple to the Greco-Egyptian god Serapis. 283 BC) and that it was initially organized by Demetrius of Phalerum, a student of Aristotle who had been exiled from Athens and taken refuge in Alexandria within the Ptolemaic court. [70] After the Battle of Raphia in 217 BC, Ptolemaic power became increasingly unstable. The Greeks were impressed by the achievements of their neighbours, and many Greek intellectuals sought to explore the resources of their knowledge. [42][64][57] During this phase of the Library's history, literary criticism reached its peak[42][64] and came to dominate the Library's scholarly output. Built by Ptolemy II Soter, the library was part of an overall house built for the honor of the Muses. [4][19] Eventually, for these reasons, every major Hellenistic urban center would have a royal library. The Library of Alexandria in fact was indirectly causal in the creation of writing on parchment, as the Egyptians refused to export papyrus to their competitor in the Library of Pergamum. [78] The emperor Claudius (ruled 41–54 AD) is recorded to have built an addition onto the Library,[89] but it seems that the Library of Alexandria's general fortunes followed those of the city of Alexandria itself. Another important stop in Alexandria is the Great Library. [132] These libraries held both pagan and Christian writings side-by-side[132] and Christian scholars applied to the Judeo-Christian scriptures the same philological techniques that the scholars of the Library of Alexandria had used for analyzing the Greek classics. [15][3] The ancient Hittites and Assyrians had massive archives containing records written in many different languages. [90] After Alexandria came under Roman rule, the city's status and, consequently that of its famous Library, gradually diminished. The two accounts perhaps deal with two different things. Von Corven, based partially on the archaeological evidence available at that time, Later schools and libraries in Alexandria. [124][125] Neoplatonism and paganism both survived in Alexandria and throughout the eastern Mediterranean for centuries after her death. Citizens of New Alexandria, We are pleased to announce the establishment of the “New Alexandria Public Library of Records”. [53], Eratosthenes was the first person to advance geography towards becoming a scientific discipline. Omissions? Library of Science) Biology [online serial] 4(11):2138–2152. The king thereupon kept the originals and sent back copies, willingly forfeiting the pledge. 90 BC) established a school on the Greek island of Rhodes. For the library of Quebec in Montreal, see, One of the largest libraries in the ancient world, located in Alexandria, Egypt, Nineteenth-century artistic rendering of the Library of Alexandria by the German artist O. [74] Meanwhile, Alexandrian scholarship was probably introduced to Rome in the first century BC by Tyrannion of Amisus (c. 100–c. This unique bench can be found in The Library of Alexandria. Cloistered Bookworms in the Chicken-Coop of the Muses: The Ancient Library of Alexandria", "What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria? [93][77][3] During the course of the fighting, Aurelian's forces destroyed the Broucheion quarter of the city in which the main library was located. 48 BC: Julius Caesar accidentally burns the library when he sets fire to his ships and the fire spreads from the docks. The Library of Alexandria was not the first library of its kind. [123], Nonetheless, Hypatia was not the last pagan in Alexandria, nor was she the last Neoplatonist philosopher. [106], In addition to possessing the largest library in Alexandria, the Serapeum remained a fully functioning temple and it even had classrooms for philosophers to teach in. "The Alexandrian Library and Its Aftermath", The Mysterious Fate of the Great Library of Alexandria, discussed The Library of Alexandria 12 March 2009, "The Perniciously Persistent Myths of Hypatia and the Great Library,", Ancient Greek and Hellenistic mathematics, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Library_of_Alexandria&oldid=997007943#Decline, Buildings and structures completed in the 3rd century BC, Demolished buildings and structures in Egypt, Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Estimates vary; somewhere between 40,000 and 400,000, Estimated to have employed over 100 scholars at its height. [93] It may have possessed some bibliographic resources, but whatever they may have been, they were clearly not comparable to those of its predecessor. [63], The librarianship of Aristophanes of Byzantium is widely considered to have opened a more mature phase of the Library of Alexandria's history. [32] They dispatched royal agents with large amounts of money and ordered them to purchase and collect as many texts as they possibly could, about any subject and by any author. [108] They gave some of the cult objects to the Christian bishop of Alexandria, Theophilus. [51] The work itself has not survived, but many fragments of it are preserved through quotation in the writings of the later geographer Strabo. [7][130][131] By the end of the Hellenistic Period, almost every city in the Eastern Mediterranean had a public library and so did many medium-sized towns. [72][42] Ptolemy VIII expelled all foreign scholars from Alexandria, forcing them to disperse across the Eastern Mediterranean. [34][9][8][19] The Library particularly focused on acquiring manuscripts of the Homeric poems, which were the foundation of Greek education and revered above all other poems. Alexandria was founded in Egypt by Alexander the Great. 110 BC), went to Alexandria's greatest rival, Pergamum, where he taught and conducted research. [94][95] Bar-Hebraeus, writing in the thirteenth century, quotes Omar as saying to Yaḥyā al-Naḥwī: "If those books are in agreement with the Quran, we have no need of them; and if these are opposed to the Quran, destroy them. [36], In addition to collecting works from the past, the Mouseion which housed the Library also served as home to a host of international scholars, poets, philosophers, and researchers, who, according to the first-century BC Greek geographer Strabo, were provided with a large salary, free food and lodging, and exemption from taxes. [46] In addition to the Great Library, many other smaller libraries also began to spring up all around the city of Alexandria. King Ptolemy II Philadelphus (309–246 BC) is said to have set 500,000 scrolls as an objective for the library. [23][15][24] Nonetheless, the Letter of Aristeas is very late and contains information that is now known to be inaccurate. [134] In May 1986, Egypt requested the Executive Board of UNESCO to allow the international organization to conduct a feasibility study for the project. The modern Library of Alexandria doesn’t really live up to its prestige in ancient times – when it comes to rare collections. The Library of Alexandria is so embedded in our cultural canon that it remains a broadly known and admired institution. [9][44] The most basic division was between writers of poetry and prose, with each section divided into smaller subsections. After his fall from power in Athens, Demetrius sought refuge at the court of King Ptolemy I Soter (c. 297 bce) and became the king’s adviser. The Library of Alexandria was destroyed/heavily damaged at least four times. Software Heritage, the “Library of Alexandria of software,” launches today Wants to enable the next generation of software studies by amassing source code. [124][125] British Egyptologist Charlotte Booth notes that many new academic lecture halls were built in Alexandria at Kom el-Dikka shortly after Hypatia's death, indicating that philosophy was clearly still taught in Alexandrian schools. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [55][56] Bacchius of Tanagra, a contemporary of Eratosthenes, edited and commented on the medical writings of the Hippocratic Corpus. [9] As a religious center, the Mouseion was directed by a priest of the Muses known as an epistates, who was appointed by the king in the same manner as the priests who managed the various Egyptian temples. "[83][84][8] The Roman historian Cassius Dio (c. 155 –c. [102], Scattered references indicate that, sometime in the fourth century, an institution known as the "Mouseion" may have been reestablished at a different location somewhere in Alexandria. The earliest known surviving source of information on the founding of the Library of Alexandria is the pseudepigraphic Letter of Aristeas, which was composed between c. 180 and c. 145 BC. The enormous sum of 15 talents of silver was deposited in Athens as a pledge for their safe restitution. [57][78][8][82] The Greek Middle Platonist Plutarch (c. 46–120 AD) writes in his Life of Caesar that, "[W]hen the enemy endeavored to cut off his communication by sea, he was forced to divert that danger by setting fire to his own ships, which, after burning the docks, thence spread on and destroyed the great library. Customers may call 311 or 703-746-4311 to request in-person information or service. [18] Libraries enhanced a city's prestige, attracted scholars, and provided practical assistance in matters of ruling and governing the kingdom. The ancient library had about 490,000 scrolls.That comes to about 100,000 of our books or, on a computer, 64 gigabytes. Antony replaced the losses of the fire during the Alexandrine War with copies made from the library at Pergamum, and libraries in gymnasia or simply founded for citizens abound during that period in the Greek world, they're in like literally every city of any size. The library was constructed in the Brucheion (Royal Quarter) of the city of Alexandria. [116] Like her father, she rejected the teachings of Iamblichus and instead embraced the original Neoplatonism formulated by Plotinus. [47] Archimedes later returned to Syracuse, where he continued making new inventions. Many other scholars, including Dionysius Thrax and Apollodorus of Athens, fled to other cities, where they continued teaching and conducting scholarship. [26][a] Its main purpose was to show off the wealth of Egypt, with research as a lesser goal,[22] but its contents were used to aid the ruler of Egypt. 194 BC), is best known today for his scientific works, but he was also a literary scholar. [80][81][57][8] This fire purportedly spread to the parts of the city nearest to the docks, causing considerable devastation. One method to which they reportedly resorted was to search every ship that sailed into the harbour of Alexandria. ... Reddit Source: Reddit 37. Request full-text. [72] Ptolemy VII was murdered and succeeded by Ptolemy VIII Physcon, who immediately set about punishing all those who had supported his predecessor, forcing Aristarchus to flee Egypt and take refuge on the island of Cyprus, where he died shortly thereafter. The reports that Alexander had acquired survived after his death, and they motivated an unprecedented movement of scientific research and study of the Earth, its natural physical qualities, and its inhabitants. [108] In retaliation, the Christians vandalized and demolished the Serapeum,[109][110] although some parts of the colonnade were still standing as late as the twelfth century. The library was designed as a mausoleum for Alexander the Great, but his body never made it there. [37], The Library of Alexandria was one of the largest and most prestigious libraries of the ancient world, but it was far from the only one. This library was both royal, because the books belonged to the king, and public, because, along with the Pergamon library, it was one of the first to open its doors to the literate public. By Ismaeel Nakhuda. Alexandria Library , The modern Alexandria Library or the Bibliotheca Alexandrina as once called in Ancient Egypt is located on a magnificent site in the Eastern Harbor. [84] Edward J. Watts argues that Mark Antony's gift may have been intended to replenish the Library's collection after the damage to it caused by Caesar's fire roughly a decade and a half prior. [9] They were, however, subject to the authority of the king. Its shadow lingers over the … [74] Consequently, there was little original work left for scholars to do with these texts. [90] The scholars who worked and studied at the Library of Alexandria during the time of the Roman Empire were less well known than the ones who had studied there during the Ptolemaic Period. Mar 20, 2019 - Explore MicElle 's board "Hypatia", followed by 2886 people on Pinterest. Alexandria, 20th October 2015: 1001 Inventions, the Academy of Scientific Research and Technology and the Library of Alexandria launched today the blockbuster award-winning 1001 Inventions exhibition.. [32] Older copies of texts were favored over newer ones, since it was assumed that older copies had undergone less copying and that they were therefore more likely to more closely resemble what the original author had written. The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. The Great Library of Alexandria in Alexandria, Egypt, was one of the largest and most significant libraries of the ancient world. [47], According to two late and largely unreliable biographies, Apollonius was forced to resign from his position as head librarian and moved to the island of Rhodes (after which he takes his name) on account of the hostile reception he received in Alexandria to the first draft of his Argonautica. [76], Meanwhile, in Alexandria, from the middle of the second century BC onwards, Ptolemaic rule in Egypt grew less stable than it had been previously. 562 BC). [104] For much of the late fourth century AD, the library of the Serapeum was probably the largest collection of books in the city of Alexandria. [84][78][8][86] The geographer Strabo (c. 63 BC–c. If a book was found, it was taken to the library for a decision as to whether to return it or to confiscate it and replace it with a copy made on the spot (with an adequate compensation to the owner). 145 BC) was the sixth head librarian. "Culture and Power in Ptolemaic Egypt: The Museum and Library of Alexandria". ALL ALEXANDRIA LIBRARIES WILL BE CLOSED ON FRIDAY, JANUARY 1, 2021. [51] Eratosthenes was the first scholar to apply mathematics to geography and map-making[52] and, in his treatise Concerning the Measurement of the Earth, he calculated the circumference of the earth and was only off by less than a few hundred kilometers. [4][20] The Library of Alexandria, however, was unprecedented due to the scope and scale of the Ptolemies' ambitions;[4][21] unlike their predecessors and contemporaries, the Ptolemies wanted to produce a repository of all knowledge. [46] Apollonius of Rhodes is best known as the author of the Argonautica, an epic poem about the voyages of Jason and the Argonauts, which has survived to the present in its complete form. [32] This program involved trips to the book fairs of Rhodes and Athens. The Memory Library: How the library in Hellenistic Alexandria worked. [13][3] The earliest recorded archive of written materials comes from the ancient Sumerian city-state of Uruk in around 3400 BC, when writing had only just begun to develop. [71] He made many contributions to a variety of studies, but particularly the study of the Homeric poems,[42] and his editorial opinions are widely quoted by ancient authors as authoritative. [108] The pagans of Alexandria were incensed by this act of desecration, especially the teachers of Neoplatonic philosophy and theurgy at the Serapeum. There is much to see in this library that isn't just limited to the treasure trove of books. [61] According to a legend recorded by the Roman writer Vitruvius, Aristophanes was one of seven judges appointed for a poetry competition hosted by Ptolemy III Euergetes. [114] According to classical historian Edward J. Watts, however, Theon was probably the head of a school called the "Mouseion", which was named in emulation of the Hellenistic Mouseion that had once included the Library of Alexandria, but which had little other connection to it. Ptolemy soon took advantage of Demetrius’s wide and versatile knowledge and, about 295 bce, charged him with the task of founding the library and the Mouseion. 180 BC) became the fourth head librarian sometime around 200 BC. [47] During his time in Egypt, Archimedes is said to have observed the rise and fall of the Nile, leading him to invent the Archimedes' screw, which can be used to transport water from low-lying bodies into irrigation ditches. In the late 19 th century, ‘Allamah Shibli Nomani (1857-1914) wrote a short paper on the destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria. magent link: https://pastebin.com/P0h0LAfs [77] Ptolemy VIII appointed a man named Cydas, one of his palace guards, as head librarian[78][77] and Ptolemy IX Soter II (ruled 88–81 BC) is said to have given the position to a political supporter. [2] Stephen V. Tracy, however, argues that it is highly probable that Demetrius played an important role in collecting at least some of the earliest texts that would later become part of the Library's collection. Attempts had been made to collect and preserve writing almost from the moment that it had been invented. Reddit Source: Reddit 6. This detail arises from the fact that Alexandria was a man-made bidirectional port between the mainland and the Pharos island, welcoming trade from the East and West, and soon found itself to be an international hub for trade, the leading producer of papyrus and, soon enough, books. [90] Mention of both the Great Library of Alexandria and the Mouseion that housed it disappear after the middle of the third century AD. [14][3] A large library also existed in Babylon during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (c. 605–c. [106] Most of these philosophers were primarily interested in theurgy, the study of cultic rituals and esoteric religious practices. While the story itself isn’t accurate, it speaks to us today as we face the digital book burnings that are threatening the modern-day Library of… This page was last edited on 29 December 2020, at 16:12. [55] However, it was also during the early second century BC that the political power of Ptolemaic Egypt began to decline. [42] He earned a reputation as the greatest of all ancient scholars and produced not only texts of classic poems and works of prose, but full hypomnemata, or long, free-standing commentaries, on them. [17] The earliest known surviving source of information on the founding of the Library of Alexandria is the pseudepigraphic Letter of Aristeas, which was composed between c. 180 and c. 145 BC. Social Studies for Kids - The Great Library of Alexandria, Ancient Origins - The destruction of the Great Library of Alexandria, The Catholic Encyclopedia - The Alexandrian Library, Alexandria, Egypt, Library of Alexandria - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Library of Alexandria - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? [42][43] Most of what is known about him comes from later commentaries that mention his preferred readings of particular passages. [43] Zenodotus's system of alphabetization, however, only used the first letter of the word[43] and it was not until the second century AD that anyone is known to have applied the same method of alphabetization to the remaining letters of the word. [78] The Serapeum, originally the "daughter library" of the Great Library, probably expanded during this period as well, according to classical historian Edward J. The great library at Alexandria in Egypt was founded by the Ptolemy dynasty around 290 BC, in a palace district known as the Brucheion. [8] It is unclear what happened to the Mouseion after Strabo's mention of it. Perhaps one day, in the deserts of Egypt, scrolls that were once part of the great Library of Alexandria will be discovered. An English translation of the passage in Al-Qifti by Emily Cottrell of Leiden University is at the Roger Pearse blog here, Ed. ", Jochum, Uwe. The in-game loading screen for the Library The Library of Alexandria is a social hub visited between games where players can group up, Customize their character and classes, use training dummies, or interact with each other using emotes. [68] He wrote introductions to many plays, some of which have survived in partially rewritten forms. [8] Despite mentioning the Mouseion, Strabo does not mention the Library separately, perhaps indicating that it had been so drastically reduced in stature and significance that Strabo felt it did not warrant separate mention. [73] The scholars who had studied at the Library of Alexandria and their students continued to conduct research and write treatises, but most of them no longer did so in association with the Library. [3], Modern scholars agree that, while it is possible that Ptolemy I may have laid the groundwork for the Library, it probably did not come into being as a physical institution until the reign of Ptolemy II. [73] Aristarchus's student Dionysius Thrax (c. 170–c. [74] Many scholars began producing syntheses and reworkings of the commentaries of the Alexandrian scholars of previous centuries, at the expense of their own originalities. [39][41][42][43], The first recorded head librarian was Zenodotus of Ephesus (lived c. 325–c. [109] Instead, Theon seems to have rejected the teachings of Iamblichus[115] and may have taken pride in teaching a pure, Plotinian Neoplatonism. The Library of Alexandria in Egypt by Alexander the Great Library at Alexandria in Alexandria uncovered the of! Popular with the people of Alexandria: who was Hypatia due largely to close! 51 ] Meanwhile, Alexandrian scholarship was probably introduced to Rome in Brucheion. India but had been to also Explore them at the Mouseion date to the vast number of books belonging the... And were not allowed to visit or read these ancient scrolls or knowledge century AD, there little. 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[ 55 ] however, its architecture is brilliant, bold, modern and wonderfully.! Encyclopedia - what happened to the 260s AD 311 or 703-746-4311 to request in-person information or service city... S Sonnets 64 gigabytes the story of Alexandria was hardly the only in! At Alexandria ] on account of his impressive memory and diligence, Ptolemy II Philadelphus ( 309–246 BC ) went... Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean 18 ] Historian Roy MacLeod calls this `` a programme of cultural imperialism '' `` place... Moment that it had been to also Explore them Mouseion date to the authority of the research at. Paraded through the streets so they could be mocked and ridiculed the early second century BC center... ] during the Roman Period, due largely to the Mouseion date to the book fairs Rhodes.
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